Cloaking device
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A cloaking device is a form of stealth technology that bends light to make an object, usually a starship, invisible to the electromagnetic spectrum and most sensors. Many spacefaring cultures use cloaking devices on their ships and installations.
Contents
History
Early History
Return of the Cloaking Device
Federation and the Cloaking Device
The Federation has developed
How the Cloaking Device Works
Penetrating the Cloak
Improvements in the Cloak
Template:Aquote A cloaking device, also known as a cloaking system, cloaking shield or invisibility screen, was a form of stealth technology that used selective bending of light (and other forms of energy) to render a starship or other object completely invisible to the electromagnetic spectrum and most sensors. It was encountered in varying forms over the centuries. For a period of time, the Federation considered it the most strategically important Romulan technology.
History
Early cloaking technology
Humanity's earliest-known encounter with cloaking technology came in the year 1986 in the Bering Sea. Admiral James T. Kirk, having traveled back in time, decloaked the Klingon Bird-of-Prey he was commanding to waylay and frighten some whale hunters from killing two humpback whales.
One of Humanity's earliest exposures to cloaking technology was in April of 2151, when agents of the Cabal approached the starship Template:EnterpriseNX undetected and kidnapped a Klingon national named Klaang from the ship's sickbay. The Suliban used cloaking devices on many of their ships, including the cell ships, stealth cruisers and salvage ships. The Suliban's cloaking technology had been given to them by their mysterious benefactor from the 28th century.
During a battle near a Suliban helix in a class seven gas giant, Enterprise managed to capture a cell ship. Chief Engineer Charles Tucker III studied the device in his spare time, and in 2152 the ship was used to mount a rescue mission. Unfortunately, Tucker's experience with cloaking technology was somewhat limited and he accidentally doused his hand with the particles the ship used to generate the cloaking effect, temporarily rendering it invisible.
Enterprise learned how to penetrate a Suliban cloaking device in March 2152, when the temporal agent Daniels explained how to construct a quantum beacon so that Enterprise could reveal the location of the cloaked stealth-cruiser responsible for the destruction of Paraagan II.
Enterprise was also responsible for an encounter with another organization that used stealth technology, the Romulan Star Empire. In April 2152, the ship accidentally entered a cloaked minefield protecting a Romulan-claimed planet. The quantum beacons proved effective against the minefield, but when two Birds-of-Prey suddenly arrived, Enterprise was not able to penetrate their more advanced cloaks.
Federation encounters with cloaking technology
In 2256, the USS Shenzhou encountered a cloaked Klingon vessel. Another cloaked Klingon vessel rammed the USS Europa to demonstrate the technology to the High Council during the Battle of the Binary Stars. (Template:DIS) The Klingon cloak used gravitational bending to conceal the ship from sensors and was a key tactical advantage for the Klingons during the Federation-Klingon War. At the Battle of Pahvo, the USS Discovery devised a method of penetrating the Klingon cloak, destroying the Sarcophagus. This put the two sides on a more even footing once again.
By the 2260s, despite the fact that Romulans and Klingons had demonstrated such technology within their own respective empires, this wasn't the case within the Federation; although the idea of practical invisibility was considered theoretically possible with selective bending of light, but at an enormous cost of power.
In 2266, the USS Enterprise, NCC-1701 encountered a Romulan Bird-of-Prey that used a cloaking device to cross the Romulan Neutral Zone and wipe out several Earth Outpost Stations. The Enterprise was able to defeat the Bird-of-Prey in battle, partially because the cloaked ship was still visible to tracking sensors, but there was no doubt that the Romulans possessed a practical invisibility screen.
In 2268, the Federation learned that the Romulans had developed a new and improved cloaking device; one that even tracking sensors could not pick up and that posed a threat to the security of the Federation. On stardate 5027.3, Starfleet Intelligence sent the Enterprise on a covert mission across the Neutral Zone to acquire the new cloak. The mission was a success, and Starfleet was able to procure an intact, modern Romulan cloaking device for study. The Federation also acquired a cloaking device from a captured Klingon Bird-of-Prey, dubbed the "HMS Bounty", in 2286.
By 2269, cloaking devices had further spread within the Klingon Empire as well. One of the first Klingon vessels to be equipped with the device was the IKS Klothos, whose Commander, Kor, used it to great effect at the Battle of Caleb IV. The device was soon used aboard many other Klingon vessels, such as the Bird-of-Prey. At the time Kor acquired the cloaking device, only a handful of engineers in the Imperial Fleet knew how to operate them.
In 2311, with the signing of the Treaty of Algeron, the Federation explicitly agreed not to develop or use cloaking technology. The Bajoran Provisional Government also outlawed cloaking devices, stating that the possession of such a device was highly illegal.
In 2370, Quark illegally acquired a small cloaking device that was, as he put it, "not in the best of condition", but it "will work for about fifteen minutes." Initially intending to sell it, Quark instead installed it in the central engine core of a Cardassian shuttle, piloted by Natima Lang, to help the ship escape Deep Space 9 undetected.
Following the outbreak of hostilities with the Dominion in late 2370, the Romulan Empire allowed the use of one of their own cloaks aboard the USS Defiant, 2370 . Although this was originally limited to usage within the Gamma Quadrant, Template:Captain Benjamin Sisko chose to ignore this limitation whenever it was convenient. In order to ensure that the cloak was used correctly, Sub-Commander T'Rul was assigned to the Defiant initially, during the ship's first mission with the cloak. In exchange, Starfleet had to provide all the intelligence it received on the Dominion.
Prior to the Cardassians joining the Dominion in 2373, and flushing the Klingons and Maquis out of their territory, the Klingon High Council decided to aid the Maquis in their fight against Cardassia. They provided the Maquis with thirty class-4 cloaking devices with the Klingons' understanding that they were to be used on Maquis ships.
In 2373, Miles O'Brien, Jadzia Dax, and Rom employed cloaking technology to hide the self-replicating minefield blocking the Bajoran wormhole. Also, the Federation equipped one of their holoships with a cloak in 2375.
Although quite heavy, according to Rom, Klingon cloaking devices weigh less than Romulan cloaking devices.
It was even possible for an entire planetary body to be rendered invisible. The planet Aldea was equipped with a powerful cloaking device that allowed itself to fully cloak.
By the late 32nd century, vessels such as the Emerald Chain's Viridian and Booker's ship were equipped with cloaking technology. The ability to cloak was also part of the refit to the Discovery in 3189.
Alternate reality
In the alternate reality caused by the temporal incursion of the Narada, the Federation was already bound to treaties banning cloaked weapons as early as 2259.
Mechanics of a cloak
In order to function, most cloaking devices needed to be tied into a ship's deflector shield grid. When activated, the cloaking device projects a cloaking field, also known as cloaking shields, around the vessel which selectively bend the path of light and sensors to render the vessel invisible and undetectable. The shield can be expanded to cloak multiple vessels. However, some models of cloaking device could work without being tied into anything, even having a limited power supply of their own.
Most vessels could not use their weapons and deflector shields when cloaked. Ships of the Klingon D12-class, for example, were vulnerable to attack for two seconds when their shields automatically dropped as the cloaking field formed. Ships like the Scimitar with more advanced cloaking technology however did not have this problem, as it had primary and secondary shields and weapon systems that could remain online while the ship was cloaked.
- Components
Penetrating the cloak
Ever since the initial introduction of the cloaking device, there was an ongoing race between the development of new cloaking technologies and the development of new detection systems that could defeat them.
Starfleet's earliest method of penetrating cloaks was developed in 2152, when Daniels provided Enterprise with 31st century quantum beacons so they could locate a Suliban stealth-cruiser. These devices also proved effective against the Romulan cloaking devices used on mines but were ineffective against the Bird-of-Prey cloaking devices.
The cloak used by the Sarcophagus in 2256 used a massive gravitational field to bend light and electromagnetic radiation around the ship, rendering it invisible to sensors. However, imperfections in the field led to near-imperceptible shifts in the background electromagnetic field. Using portable sensor devices surreptitiously planted on the Sarcophagus, Discovery made 133 micro-jumps with the aid of its spore drive, taking readings from multiple vectors in a matter of minutes. Using these readings, Discovery analyzed the correlation between the cloak's field and the background electromagnetic field, allowing the formulation of an algorithm that exposed the enemy ship's position. This ultimately led to the Sarcophagus' destruction.
The cloak used by the Romulan Bird-of-Prey that crossed the Neutral Zone in 2266 was less than perfect, allowing a starship to pick up a blip on its motion tracking sensors. This blip was not accurate enough for targeting of weapons and only appeared when the vessel moved, but it was enough to help the Enterprise locate the enemy vessel. By 2268, advances in Romulan technology had removed the problem, forcing Starfleet to steal a model of the new cloak.
Versions of the cloak used by the Klingons in the late 23rd century also had their flaws. Cloaked D7-class battle cruisers could be detected using a metaphasic sweep. Energy "distortions", manifesting themselves most often as refracting visible light energy from surrounding stellar objects very near the cloaked ship's outline, appearing as a "shimmering" effect, while cloaked and prior to decloaking, could give away a cloaked ship when observed. In 2293, the USS Enterprise, NCC-1701-A--A developed a method of using a photon torpedo to track the plasma exhaust of a cloaked ship.
In the 24th century, the Federation protected its borders from cloaked Romulan incursion by a gravitic sensor net. In 2368, Geordi La Forge developed a technique called the tachyon detection grid that used tachyon beams transmitted between different points to expose cloaked objects. Soon, this had been implemented on the Federation's border outposts as well as in Klingon space.
In 2371 it was not commonly understood by Starfleet personnel that cloaked ships radiate a slight subspace variance at warp speeds. These variances typically vanished once the vessel drops out of warp. If a cloaked ship exceeded its maximum propulsion capacity, it would not be able to fully cloak, and would appear on navigational sensors as a sensor echo.
Using modified cloaks, a combined fleet of Romulan and Cardassian warships attempted to conduct a sneak attack on Founders' homeworld in 2371. They determined that as long as their fleet traveled under the speed of warp 6 their warp signatures would remain undetected, even while under cloak. This modification, however, did not prevent the fleet from being detected by the sensors aboard Deep Space 9. In this case, the cloaked fleet appeared as high concentrations of tetryon particles.
Decloaking ships also created a build up of tachyon particles.
Sensors aboard Deep Space 9 were also able to detect an entire nearby fleet of cloaked Klingon vessels jumping to warp as "a huge distortion wave in subspace", and Miles O'Brien was able to deduce their heading from the vector of the subspace disturbance.
The Dominion, as well as the Cardassians, also possessed many methods of breaking through cloaking fields, including a long-range tachyon scanner and an antiproton beam. However, these methods were not always effective as Thomas Riker was able to partially counteract the antiproton beam scanning method by adjusting the cloak's resonance frequency.
The Dominion's array in the Argolis Cluster could detect cloaked ships up to two light years away and required approaching the array by navigating the cluster's Gravimetric shear and Gravimetric distortion.
The Tachyon scan, also known as a tachyon sweep or tachyon signal, was another method of detecting cloaked ships.
Improvements in cloaking technology
Firing when cloaked
Due to the enormous amount of power required to generate a cloaking field, there was, by and large, not enough power available to also power the weapons and shields. When the Romulan cloaking device was first installed on the USS Defiant, 2370 , the ship even had to decloak to use the transporter. However, there were several times when advances in cloaking technology rendered these tactical inefficiencies untrue.
For example, in 2293, the Klingons developed a prototype Bird-of-Prey capable of firing photon torpedoes when cloaked. This ship, commanded by General Chang, was used to secretly attack Kronos One in such a way that it appeared the USS Enterprise-A was responsible, implicating Enterprise commanding officer James T. Kirk in the assassination of Chancellor Gorkon. Fortunately for galactic peace, the Enterprise-A was able to deduce the existence of Chang's ship and devise a way to penetrate its cloak by tracking its plasma exhaust with new sensors for analyzing gaseous anomalies. Using a Photon torpedo modified to home in on and target that plasma exhaust, the prototype ship was destroyed by the Enterprise-A and the USS Excelsior over Khitomer.
Another advanced cloak was encountered in 2379. The Reman warbird Scimitar employed a new type of "perfect" cloaking device that did not give off any tachyon emissions or residual antiprotons, making the Scimitar completely undetectable while cloaked. It allowed the ship to fire weapons and use shields while cloaked, as well as allow the ship to drop the cloak protecting certain quadrants of the ship without de-cloaking the entire ship at once. The effectiveness of this technology was demonstrated when the Scimitar engaged the USS Enterprise, NCC-1701-E--E , the Valdore, and another warbird in the Bassen Rift, where it was able to cripple both warbirds without suffering any significant damage. Only through repeated blind targeting, barrages of phasers and torpedoes, and the use of telepathic triangulation by Commander Deanna Troi, was the Enterprise-E able to overcome the Scimitar's cloak.
In addition, the mirror universe ISS Enterprise, NX-01 was able to fire weapons while cloaked using a Suliban cloaking device. However, the cloak did appear to momentarily fail a few seconds after Enterprise launched torpedoes, perhaps indicating that the Imperial ship had insufficient power for simultaneous use of weapons and cloak.
In an alternate future, Klingon attack cruisers apparently had the ability to fire while cloaked, as they were able to damage the USS Pasteur before decloaking.
The interphase cloak
The Treaty of Algeron did not stop Starfleet Intelligence from secretly and illegally developing the phasing cloaking device, a device which not only rendered a starship invisible, but also allowed it to pass through solid matter unimpeded. The device was lost in 2358 when the test bed vessel, the USS Pegasus, was presumed destroyed by a warp core breach in a mutiny by members of the crew concerned about the legality of the test. In 2370, the Pegasus was found not to have been destroyed and the existence of the illegal device was made public to the Romulans.
In the early 2360s, the Klingon Empire experimented with interphase cloaking technology but the research was abandoned due to several accidents.
In 2368 the Romulans also unsuccessfully experimented with interphase cloaking technology, developing an interphase generator combined with a molecular phase inverter. The USS Enterprise, NCC-1701-D--D had received a distress signal from the test bed vessel and Template:Captain Picard ordered an away team sent over to assist. During the mission, due to a malfunction in the device, Ensign Ro Laren and Lieutenant Commander Geordi La Forge were phase-cloaked during beam-out and rematerialized on different parts of the Enterprise. After attempting to bring them back, the crew gave up, believing them dead. Eventually, Ro and La Forge succeeded in revealing what had happened to them to the crew and Lieutenant Commander Data managed to reverse the effects of the cloak, bringing them back into phase.
Other cloaking device effects
The use of cloaking devices occasionally led to unintended effects. The cloaking device of Aldea caused significant damage to the planet's ionosphere and ozone layer, leading to increased radiation on the surface and sterility among the Aldeans.
In 2371, chroniton particles generated by the Romulan cloaking device aboard the USS Defiant became lodged in the ship's ablative armor matrix. These particles interacted with the ship's transporter systems, resulting in the accidental transport of several officers backwards through time to early 21st century Earth.
In 2372, a computer character manifesting itself as fear was offered a cloaking device as a means of keeping its program hidden from future intrusion. To the request, it replied "I already have a cloaking device, thank you anyway." The character's "cloaking device" immediately wrapped the character in a wool cloak.
Ships utilizing cloaking devices
Classes
- B'rel-class (Klingon Defense Force)
- Bird-of-Prey (22nd century) (Romulan Star Empire)
- Bird-of-Prey (23rd century) (Romulan Star Empire)
- Cell ship (Suliban Cabal)
- D'deridex-class (Romulan Star Empire)
- D7-class (Romulan Star Empire)
- D12-class (Klingon Defense Force)
- K'vort-class (Klingon Defense Force)
- Negh'var warship (Klingon Defense Force)
- Romulan shuttle (Romulan Star Empire)
- Stealth cruiser (Suliban Cabal)
- Template:Type (Romulan Star Empire)
- Vor'cha-class (Klingon Defense Force)
Individual ships
- Booker's ship (Kwejian courier)
- USS Defiant, 2370 (Federation Starfleet)
- USS Discovery (Federation Starfleet)
- ISS Enterprise, NX-01 (Terran Empire)
- Federation holoship (Federation Starfleet)
- IKS Klothos (Klingon Defense Force)
- Koranak (Cardassian Obsidian Order)
- Nightingale (Kraylor)
- USS Pegasus (Federation Starfleet)
- Regent's flagship (Klingon-Cardassian Alliance)
- Sarcophagus (Klingon House of Kor)
- Scimitar (Reman)
- Viridian (Emerald Chain)
- Voth city ship (Voth)
- Voth research vessel (Voth)
- Krenim weapon ship (Krenim Imperium)
