Sentience

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An Exocomp, a being that evolved and
achieved sentience

The word "sentience" has changed in meaning back and forth across the centuries.


In the 21st century, sentience meant the ability to feel or perceive, which may or may not have included being intelligent or self-aware.
A separate concept in use at the time was the term "sapient," which meant the ability to act with intelligence.

  • For example, a plant could be "sentient," and a computer "sapient" with neither having to have the attributes of the other. Intelligent life was therefore called sapient.


The definition changed sometime prior to the 22nd century. At that point, intelligent life was referred to as sentient.
The concepts of perception and intelligence had been combined, such that the word now meant an intelligent, self-aware, conscious entity deserving of rights, respect, and freedom.


In the 23rd century, the word "sentient" again meant what it had in centuries past: the ability to feel or perceive.
Intelligent life was therefore called generally called sapient rather than sentient.


The tide turned again in the 24th century, and intelligent life was referred to as it was in the 22nd: as sentient.
There was, however, no commonly understood definition of the term. Despite centuries of consideration and linguistic changes,
how one determined whether a lifeform or machine was sentient, and the legal and moral implications of being sentient were neither fully understood nor agreed upon.


Biological Lifeforms

In the 24th century, an important component of sentience in biological lifeforms was considered to be intelligence.


For instance, a large brain implied sentience. Another indication of sentience was a lifeform capable of sophisticated communication.


Artificial Lifeforms

In 2365, the Judge Advocate General's office held a hearing in which it was decided that Data was not the property of Star Fleet. During the hearing, the question of an android's sentience came up, but there was no formal, legal resolution on the matter. Despite a lack of official acknowledgment, Data thought himself to be sentient, and many others agreed. So much so that as of 2371, Data was considered the only sentient artificial lifeform in Federation society.


Since the tribunal in 2365, other non-android lifeforms or artificial intelligences have been considered sentient as well. In 2375, the USS Voyager crew determined that a weapon was so sophisticated, that it was actually sentient. An automated personnel unit designated "3947" was also considered to be sentient when reactivated by B'Elanna Torres in 2372, since it was capable of making its own decisions based on the circumstances around it.


There have also been certain holograms who have been referred to as both artificial lifeforms and "sentient." One such sentient hologram was created on the USS Enterprise, NCC-1701-D in 2365, when Lieutenant Commander Geordi La Forge requested that the holodeck create an opponent worthy of Data in a Sherlock Holmes-style mystery. The ship's computer produced a highly-complex version of Holmes' arch-nemesis, James Moriarty, whose intelligence and complexity led him to evolve.


An early legal case regarding holograms and sentience came about in 2377. The USS Voyager's EMH, The Doctor, attempted to publish a holonovel, but it was appropriated and released without his permission by his publisher. The legal issue revolved around whether The Doctor was an "artist" within the meaning of the laws that granted rights to control the dissemination of intellectual property. The ruling was narrow in that the definition of artist in that single law was extended to a hologram, but it was an important step on the path toward granting full legal status to a hologram as a sentient entity.